This circuit is for a temperature controlled constant current battery charger. It works with NICD, NIMH, and other rechargeable cells. The circuit works on the principle that most rechargeable batteries show an increase in temperature when the cells becomes fully charged. Overcharging is one of the main causes of short cell life, hot cells pop their internal seals and vent out electrolyte. As cells dry out, they lose capacity.
Theory
The transformer, bridge rectifier, and 1000uF capacitor provide around 22 Volts of DC power to run the rest of the circuit. The 7812 regulator drops this to 12V to run the 311 comparator and 4011 nand gates.
The start switch is pressed to start the charging cycle. This causes the two 4011 nand gates, which are wired as an r-s flip-flop, to go into the charging mode. The Red LED is lit, and the VMOS FET current switch is turned on. Charging current runs though the battery pack. If the battery starts out warmer than the reference temperature, the circuit will not switch into charging mode. Let the pack cool down. When the battery pack reaches a full state of charge, the differential temperature sensor causes the flip-flop to switch off, turning off the VMOS current switch, and lighting the Green
LED.
The 7805 voltage regulator is wired as a constant current regulator. This provides a safe maximum charge current for a number of different cell types. The 500 ohm resistor across the VMOS FET sets the trickle charge current which flows through the battery pack after the bulk charging is finished.
The 1N5818 diode prevents the pack from discharging if the AC power is turned off.
The resistor, diode, and capacitor around the start switch cause the circuit to auto-start when power is first applied.
The differential temperature sensor circuit works by presenting two voltages to the input of the 311 comparator. The comparator output switches on or off depending on which input is at a higher voltage than the other. As the thermistors warm up, their resistance drops, lowering the associated comparator input. Since there are two sensors, the room temperature can vary and the circuit will only react to the difference in temperature between the sensors.
Construction
Parts placement is non critical with the exception of the thermistors which should be epoxied to separate aluminum plates and connected back to the main circuitry via a cable with two wires and a shield. The 7805 regulator should be mounted on a heat sink. The current setting resistor may be a high power potentiometer, switch selectable resistors as shown in the schematic, or a single fixed resistor if you only need one current setting.
Be sure to thermally separate the battery and sensors from the other electronics so the heat from the circuitry doesn't affect the sensors. In my prototype, I glued the both thermistors to separate aluminum sheets, approximately 2" X 2" and set the battery sensor on top of the pack being charged, usually with a weight on top. It is important to make sure the batteries have a decent thermal contact to the sensor.
Alignment
Allow the two temperature sensor plates to reach the same temperature, place a volt meter across the 311 chip's + and - inputs (pins 2 and 3). Adjust the sensor balance trimmer for a reading of -0.02 volts on the meter. Press the reset button and make sure the "charging" LED lights. Warm the battery temperature plate up with your hand and observe that the "done" light comes on.
Use
Fernando from Brazil has generously submitted the following printed circuit board artwork for this project:
Discharging NiCd Packs
Many people discharge their NICD packs to prevent the memory effect. Memory effect is a controversial topic, the reader may want to research it on their own. Discharging is, in the least, fairly harmless if it is done correctly. Discharging may also be beneficial for equalizing the charge level in a group of cells. It may prevent the situation where a partially charged cell reaches full charge before more fully discharged cells in a series string.
A good way to kill NiCd cells is to put a reverse voltage on them. If you incorrectly discharge your NiCd packs as a string, the weak cells will go to zero volts and will then go negative as the stronger cells continue discharging, thus damaging the reversed cells. Over-discharging to a negative voltage is supposed to cause conductive dendrite growth within the cell, that causes the cells to self-discharge.
If want to discharge your cells, it is best to discharge them individually, the cells should not be drawn down to zero volts. An easy way to accomplish this goal is to put a silicon diode in series with a resistor for each cell, this sets the minimum battery voltage to about 0.7 Volts. For multi-cell packs, a discharger can be built with a multi-cell battery holder and resistors and diodes for each cell.
A typical discharge current is C/5 where C is the amp hour capacity of the cell. For a 500ma AA NiCd a 1N4001 or similar 1A diode in series with 5 ohm 1/2W resistor should give a C/5 (100ma) discharge rate assuming a 1.2V cell, and an 0.7V final resting voltage.
Afterthought
This circuit has been working quite nicely for several years now, I have recharged many NICD and NIMH packs repeatedly with no problems. The 1K thermistors may exhibit a small amount of self heating, which may result in less sensitivity to battery temperature changes. Changing to 5K thermistors would greatly reduce the effect. The balance pot should be changed to 2K and the resistors on either end of the balance pot should be changed to 3.9K.
Theory
The transformer, bridge rectifier, and 1000uF capacitor provide around 22 Volts of DC power to run the rest of the circuit. The 7812 regulator drops this to 12V to run the 311 comparator and 4011 nand gates.
The start switch is pressed to start the charging cycle. This causes the two 4011 nand gates, which are wired as an r-s flip-flop, to go into the charging mode. The Red LED is lit, and the VMOS FET current switch is turned on. Charging current runs though the battery pack. If the battery starts out warmer than the reference temperature, the circuit will not switch into charging mode. Let the pack cool down. When the battery pack reaches a full state of charge, the differential temperature sensor causes the flip-flop to switch off, turning off the VMOS current switch, and lighting the Green
LED.
The 7805 voltage regulator is wired as a constant current regulator. This provides a safe maximum charge current for a number of different cell types. The 500 ohm resistor across the VMOS FET sets the trickle charge current which flows through the battery pack after the bulk charging is finished.
The 1N5818 diode prevents the pack from discharging if the AC power is turned off.
The resistor, diode, and capacitor around the start switch cause the circuit to auto-start when power is first applied.
The differential temperature sensor circuit works by presenting two voltages to the input of the 311 comparator. The comparator output switches on or off depending on which input is at a higher voltage than the other. As the thermistors warm up, their resistance drops, lowering the associated comparator input. Since there are two sensors, the room temperature can vary and the circuit will only react to the difference in temperature between the sensors.
Construction
Parts placement is non critical with the exception of the thermistors which should be epoxied to separate aluminum plates and connected back to the main circuitry via a cable with two wires and a shield. The 7805 regulator should be mounted on a heat sink. The current setting resistor may be a high power potentiometer, switch selectable resistors as shown in the schematic, or a single fixed resistor if you only need one current setting.
Be sure to thermally separate the battery and sensors from the other electronics so the heat from the circuitry doesn't affect the sensors. In my prototype, I glued the both thermistors to separate aluminum sheets, approximately 2" X 2" and set the battery sensor on top of the pack being charged, usually with a weight on top. It is important to make sure the batteries have a decent thermal contact to the sensor.
Alignment
Allow the two temperature sensor plates to reach the same temperature, place a volt meter across the 311 chip's + and - inputs (pins 2 and 3). Adjust the sensor balance trimmer for a reading of -0.02 volts on the meter. Press the reset button and make sure the "charging" LED lights. Warm the battery temperature plate up with your hand and observe that the "done" light comes on.
Use
- Connect a rechargeable battery pack to the charger "+" and "-" connectors. The pack may need to cool down to the ambient temperature before charging.
- Place the "battery temperature" sensor under the battery pack and hold it in place with a rubber band or a heavy object.
- Place the "reference temperature" sensor in a location that is not too close to the charger, the battery, or any other source of heat.
- Press the "reset" button, observe that the "charging" light lights. Note: if the battery was recently discharged at a high rate, or it was moved from a warmer place, it may be warmer than the ambient temperature sensor and the circuit won't go into charging mode. Let the battery cool down to ambient temperature, or temporarily warm up the reference sensor if you are in a hurry.
- Note that some cells in a series string will always be first to get warm. After several cycles it would be a good idea to leave the pack on the charger for a few hours to trickle charge the lower cells up to a full state of charge. This process is called "equalizing" the pack. It is also possible to press the start button again, the weak cells will get more charge for a while, then the full cells will warm up and turn of the current.
Parts
The Thermistors and most of the other parts in this circuit may be obtained from DigiKey (1-800-DIGI-KEY). Also see: http://www.digikey.com/ I have no connection to DigiKey other than being a satisfied customer.
Printed Circuit Patterns
The Thermistors and most of the other parts in this circuit may be obtained from DigiKey (1-800-DIGI-KEY). Also see: http://www.digikey.com/ I have no connection to DigiKey other than being a satisfied customer.
Printed Circuit Patterns
Fernando from Brazil has generously submitted the following printed circuit board artwork for this project:
Discharging NiCd Packs
Many people discharge their NICD packs to prevent the memory effect. Memory effect is a controversial topic, the reader may want to research it on their own. Discharging is, in the least, fairly harmless if it is done correctly. Discharging may also be beneficial for equalizing the charge level in a group of cells. It may prevent the situation where a partially charged cell reaches full charge before more fully discharged cells in a series string.
A good way to kill NiCd cells is to put a reverse voltage on them. If you incorrectly discharge your NiCd packs as a string, the weak cells will go to zero volts and will then go negative as the stronger cells continue discharging, thus damaging the reversed cells. Over-discharging to a negative voltage is supposed to cause conductive dendrite growth within the cell, that causes the cells to self-discharge.
If want to discharge your cells, it is best to discharge them individually, the cells should not be drawn down to zero volts. An easy way to accomplish this goal is to put a silicon diode in series with a resistor for each cell, this sets the minimum battery voltage to about 0.7 Volts. For multi-cell packs, a discharger can be built with a multi-cell battery holder and resistors and diodes for each cell.
A typical discharge current is C/5 where C is the amp hour capacity of the cell. For a 500ma AA NiCd a 1N4001 or similar 1A diode in series with 5 ohm 1/2W resistor should give a C/5 (100ma) discharge rate assuming a 1.2V cell, and an 0.7V final resting voltage.
Afterthought
This circuit has been working quite nicely for several years now, I have recharged many NICD and NIMH packs repeatedly with no problems. The 1K thermistors may exhibit a small amount of self heating, which may result in less sensitivity to battery temperature changes. Changing to 5K thermistors would greatly reduce the effect. The balance pot should be changed to 2K and the resistors on either end of the balance pot should be changed to 3.9K.
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